Data contained in the browse imagery begins at 00Z, and ends 24 hours later- that is, from midnight to midnight. If the satellite happens to be at 30 degrees North latitude on the descending portion of the orbit at 00Z, then that is the point at which the browse imagery begins the day, and consequently begins the data swath. In the above example browse image, orbital swaths are easily recognizable as blue 's' shaped curves in each of the panels. All ascending passes that portion of the orbit from the southernmost point at 35S to the northernmost point at 35N are in the top panel, and descending passes are in the bottom panel.
These times correspond to the equatorial crossing time ECT located in the image as a tic mark on the equator directly above the time.
Along the top of the image are posted local times. These are to the local solar time LST of the equatorial crossing. LST along with latitude and longitude is essential to determine the angle of the suns rays at the surface. Local solar time is determined from the longitude of the point in question. This time differs from local standard time with which we are all familiar. Time zones are ideally 15 degrees in longitude wide, and in that time zone all clocks are set to the same time.
Solar time is unique for each longitude. If you are at 83W, for example, local solar noon occurs when the sun passes through your longitude; 83W, which is four minutes later than was solar noon at 82W. Local solar midnight for 83W occurs when the sun passes through 97E, when the sun has traveled degrees around the globe. In the top panel, the ECT posted on the far left is at Z, which corresponds to a local solar time of Remember: local solar time is determined with respect to the equatorial crossing longitude, and not with respect to local time zones.
By examining sequential ECTs using the bottom times one can determine the approximate orbital period of the TRMM observatory, in this case between 91 and 92 minutes. If one examines the above example browse image carefully, one can see that in the ascending orbit top graphic just off of the west coast of India circled , the swath simply stops.
This is 00Z at the end of the day. Following that orbit backwards to the left until it intersects the equator and dropping down to the corresponding time indicates that ECT was at UTC: nine minutes before the end of the GMT day.
Subsequent to this ECT, the satellite traveled about halfway toward the top of the orbit, or somewhere around 10 more minutes before the day ended. This eyeballing of the data gives a sanity check to the image. The beginning of the day is a bit tougher to find, but can be seen in the descending bottom image about 40 degrees to the east of Japan at about 30 degrees North latitude: again this point is circled.
Applying the sanity check to this orbit shows that the subsequent ECT occurred at UTC, which makes the start time of the orbit look about right. Data contained in the science data files begin and end differently from that of the browse products. LIS orbits themselves are defined to start at the southernmost latitude 35 degrees South which corresponds to the beginning of the ascending part of the orbit.
You can see that in the top graphic as the start point for any swath, which is located at 35S. The first orbit of the GMT day is defined as that orbit containing 00Z for the day no matter where in the orbit that time occurs.
In other words, for all but a very few days when 00Z happens to coincide with the southernmost point of the orbit the first orbit of the science data actually starts on the preceding day. For instance, the science data for 5 Jan 98 whose browse product is shown above contains data from 4 Jan 98 because the beginning of the orbit containing 00Z on the 5th, began somewhere near 35S 20W extrapolating an orbit backwards from 00Z in the above image.
Note that this portion of the swath is not plotted on the browse image. The science data files also end prior to 00Z on the 6th. In fact, the last point on the science data from the 5th would be near 35S 50W just off of the coast of Argentina. Centers for case management; and to the staff of the Army Adherence to strict case definitions and case inclusion Medical Surveillance Activity, Washington, DC, for statistical criteria helped control this bias Potential for differential exposure bias existed in ascer- The Department of Defense Smallpox Vaccination Clin- tainment of concomitant administration of smallpox vaccine ical Evaluation Team: Dr.
Jeffrey S. Halsell The University with other vaccines. Exposure of myopericarditis cases was of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia ; Dr. Roger L. Gibson determined from electronic DMSS records, review of avail- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health able medical and vaccination records, and self-report. John F. Brundage, Karen E.
Joseph G. Murphy and Scott R. Wright Division of Cardio- Results obtained by Minnesota ; Robin C. Jones-Rogers, Teresa A. Riddick, and four statewide surveys. Pediatrics ;— Denise H. Chernitzer Portsmouth Naval Medical Center, Bengtsson E, Lundstrom R.
Postvaccinal myocarditis. Cardiologia ;—8. Duran, Jean- Myocardial compli- nette F. Williams, Mary C. Minor, and Dr. Michael R. Ann Clin Res ;—7. Finlay-Jones L. Fatal myocarditis after vaccination against DC ; Beth P. Stanfield, Marian Gordon, and Jeanie Kim smallpox: report of a case. N Engl J Med ;—2. Feery BJ. Adverse reactions after smallpox vaccination. Med J lina ; Drs. Sheri Y. Boyd, Forrest W. Oliverson, and Aust ;—3. Robert F. Hallett P.
A survey of complications to smallpox vaccination. Houston, Texas ; Dr. Michael A. Kurt G. Price M, Alpers J. Papua N Guinea Med J ;—3. Bliss, Texas ; Drs. Randolph E. Modlin and Louis Coyle Smallpox outbreak and vaccination problems in Stockholm, Sweden Acta Med Scand Suppl ;— Gordon, Georgia ; Dr. Thomas P. Dove Tripler Army Charles L.
Camp- carditis caused by smallpox vaccination. In Italian. Texas ; Drs. Patrick J. Danaher and Jeffrey Molloy David In French. Pediatrie Dr. Kevin E. Schlegel Department of Medicine, Madigan ;— Karjalainen J, Heikkila J. Incidence of three presentations of Wang and Christian J. Hansen Naval Health Research acute myocarditis in young men in military service. A year experience. Eur Heart J ;—5. Center, San Diego, California. ECG-changes without sub- The views expressed in this article are those of the authors jective symptoms after smallpox vaccination of military per- and do not reflect the official policy or position of the sonnel.
Department of Defense or the US Government. This work is Tracinski, Robert. Washington Post. Wells, Jennifer. Williams, Walter. World Bank. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Financial support from the American Institute for Economic Research is gratefully acknowledged. The usual disclaimer applies.
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Christian Science is the largest and most recognized of various spiritual healing groups that encourage members to forgo or overcome the need for medicine. Even so, it appears that some Scientists occasionally use medicine. In this study, I argue that Scientists in one region of Canada respond to influences on their healthcare practices differently and follow a variety of healthcare practices.
I base my findings primarily on interviews with eleven current members and one former Christian Scientist. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Rent this article via DeepDyve. She defected after realizing that had she relied on medicine instead of Christian Science for her month-old son, he may not have died from Hemophilus influenza meningitis, which has a very high survival rate with treatment.
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Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Committee on the Healing Arts. Sectarian healers and hypnotherapy.
Report of the Committee on the Healing Arts Vol. Cooper, J. Cognitive dissonance: Fifty years of a classical theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Denzin, N. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. Lincoln Eds. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Dolby, R. Reflections on deviant science. Wallis Ed. Staffordshire: University of Keele. Dolnick, E.
When faith and medicine collide pp. The Washington Post. Eddy, M. Science and health with key to the scriptures.
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